Deborah Chessler

From October 23rd onwards, the highly recommended documentary series Street Corner Soul is to be repeated on BBC 6 Music - details of upcoming episodes here; details of episodes currently available to hear on BBC iplayer can be accessed here. Earlier posts about the series, an account of the rise and fall of doo wop as a force in popular music, can be found here.

I'm sorry to pass on the news that Deborah Chessler, composer of It's Too Soon to Know, has died. This 1948 Orioles hit is the number commonly credited with ushering in the doo wop era, so whether or not her name is known to you - and I wasn't aware of her until recently - she played a major part in musical history.
In the first episode of Street Corner Soul she talked about how the song came into being, an anecdote she also told Charlie Horner in a 2009 interview for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame:

 


Deborah Chessler wasn't just a songwriter, although that was notable enough in itself, as David Hinckley writes in an obituary for the New York Daily News. Her writing was an influence on others, including the late Jerry Leiber:

Her songs were unusual for the time because they were hybrids of traditional pop and the new “rhythm and blues” style that was starting to emerge among younger black artists in the exploding music market of the postwar years. [...] “I was knocked out by ‘It’s Too Soon to Know,’ ” Leiber said years later. “I mean, a line like ‘Am I the fire / Or just another flame.’ That’s just great writing.”

 She went on to manage the group to whom she had handed It's Too Soon to Know:

Her story was extraordinary in part because she was a young Jewish woman managing a black vocal group in an age when the entertainment industry, particularly in a Southern state like Maryland, was rigidly segregated.

She and her mother toured with the group everywhere, including the South, dealing with booking agents, theater owners and other showbiz officials who were not used to taking women seriously or treating black performers equally.

I suppose it's unlikely that a UK newspaper will carry an obituary of Deborah Chessler but at least the forthcoming repeats of Street Corner Soul will mean that more people in Britain will be familiar with her name, and her voice. And the power of It's Too Soon to Know cannot be stilled: it has pride of place in Rhino's Doo Wop Box:

The New York Daily News obituary ends with a quote from Charlie Horner:

Virtually all that we know in rhythm and blues and soul harmony can be ultimately linked to Deborah Chessler and the Orioles.

Marv Goldberg's indispensible R&B Notebooks site (link at end) has several pages about the Orioles' career. Sonny Till is quoted as saying:

I am proud and happy to say that Deborah Chessler was our manager. She made it possible for the Orioles to become whatever we became because she managed us and she wrote a lot of the tunes which became big hits for us.

She managed the group till the autumn of 1954, as Marv Goldberg recounts:

"I was very tired of traveling at the time," she said. "There were reasons I wanted to stay home in Baltimore." One of those reasons was a man, whom Deborah had been seeing when she could. Now she felt it was time to make it more permanent. Actually, Deborah hadn't been going out on the road with the Orioles for a while. "We needed more work done in New York," she said. There was the booking agent to deal with, as well as picking out new songs for the group to record.

[...] But even the work in New York got to be too much for Deborah. "I was tired; I wanted to stop. I didn't want to continue on like this. I called a meeting and told them how I felt." Fortunately, the guys appreciated the sacrifices she'd made over six years and they said "if that's what I wanted to do, I should do it." Deborah only briefly managed one other act: Randy Leeds, who had a single record on Roulette in 1959.

According to the obituary in the Baltimore Sun,

After leaving management of The Orioles, she became a cashier at a nightclub in the Mount Royal area. She was also a handbag buyer at the old Julius Gutman department store at Park Avenue and Lexington Street.

She later moved to Wilmington, Del., and to Miami, where she performed as an extra in films. 

Greil Marcus wrote an extensive article on Deborah Chessler for Rolling Stone in 1993, reprinted in his collection The Dustbin of History. In it, Marcus describes her early years, and where her first impulse to write came from - a combination, it seems, of a disastrous early marriage alluded to in Street Corner Soul and plain economic necessity:

"There are times in your life when you‘re unhappy. Writing songs was my outlet, I loved writing songs: they came so fast, and they were through so fast. And I was always trying to make money." Her father died when she was nine, in 1932, at the trough of the Depression; Chessler and her mother were on their own, and their fear was missing the rent. "We were broke. My mother was ill a lot of the time, and money was very hard to come by.” Chessler`s mother sold women’s clothes; so did Deborah, once she began lying about her age. At fourteen she looked eighteen, and she took advantage.

Below is an image of Baltimore's Lexington Street from the 1950s; the obituary in the Baltimore Sun (link at end) says that

As a teen, she sold shoes at the old Kitty Kelly shop on West Lexington Street and immersed herself in Baltimore's popular music scene.

It was a time of what she calls "orderly segregation." As described in the radio documentary, this was when she sold clothes to Ella Fitzgerald, angering her boss in the process: black women could buy clothes but trying them on in the store was forbidden. Nevertheless, her stepping in to nab Ella Fitzgerald as a customer before the other saleswomen was not a principled stand for the then fifteen-year-old Chessler nor even about seizing an unexpected chance to peddle her songs:

"It wasn't a matter of who I was selling to - the main thing was to sell, because I got a commission. Ella Fitzgerald could buy ..."

Eventually, however, she did sell her first song

“for thirty-five dollars, a lot of money” - to the organist at the Loews Century Theatre: a jingle celebrating the movie house’s new air conditioning.

By the time the war ended, with Chessler in her early twenties, she was pressing harder. She sang her tunes for local disc jockeys. She couldn’t read music or play piano, but she found people to write out lead sheets. Some tunes were shtick [...] and some were verging on what twenty years later would be called soul music. "I liked what I wrote,” she says. “That gave me the strength to go after it. I’d go to the backstages, if there was someone there who recorded, I’d knock on the door, introduce myself, tell them I had a song I thought was good for them, sing it to them. I went to the Hippodrome, the Century.I went to the Royal” - the heart of black night life, Baltimore’s version of the Apollo, except that in Baltimore there were no white hipsters or slummers in the audience, just a pretty white girl backstage who said she wrote songs.

Looking to get a record made, Chessler went from one person to another. A disc jockey sent her to Martha Tilton, a singer with the Benny Goodman band; she provided contacts in New York, in the Brill Building, the legendary center of the American music business - Tin Pan Alley. The result was "Tell Me So," Chessler's first recorded song, cut by Savannah Churchill, a leading black jazz singer known for her work with bandleader Benny Carter.

The treatment was sterile, and the disc didn’t move. Chessler knew the song had more life in it; it was one of the first to really distill the personal disasters she was still trying to escape. She recites the opening lines today in plain speech, like an argument she means to settle: “lf you don't love me, tell me so. Don’t tell other people - I’m the one to know.” [as she does in the radio series.] She went backstage at the Royal and sang the song to Dinah Washington, then on the verge of the long string of hits that would make her the preeminent female R&B singer in the years betore Aretha Franklin. Washington's recording was stronger, but the composition would not truly flower until the Orioles made it a Number One R&B hit in l949.

Their version was slow and aching - a tremendous emotional momentum building throughout the performance, and never let loose.

But that Orioles' recording takes us ahead of our story. Back to 1948, when Tell Me So had only been recorded by Savannah Churchill and Dinah Washington:

Chessler was now a small name in Baltimore: a local girl whose tune you could actually hear on the radio. One evening she was home with her mother, and the phone rang: a man named Abe Schaeffer, saying he’d heard her name on the radio, that Chessler knew his sister-in-law Thelma, that he had five guys who wanted him to manage them, he’d made demos, he didn’t know what to do with them—could she help? Would she listen?

The Vibranaires sang over the telephone. "l heard Sonny Til," Chessler says with bright eyes and a warm smile. “‘Two Loves Have l.’ He was so good - and the harmony behind him. So clear. They already had a style. My mind was working already: no way I wasn`t going to work with them."

Sehaeffer and Chessler worked together briefly, but she soon outdistanced him, and both he and the group realized the show was hers to run. She found the Vibranaires work in local clubs for little money, for exposure - off Pennsylvania Avenue. She was aiming for the mainstream, wherever it was.

She went to New York and got the group a spot on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts radio programme in April 1948. Although they didn't win the show - a clapometer supposedly measured applause, a la the UK's Opportunity Knocks - calls and letters from listeners were enough to make Godfrey give them exposure on another of his programmes. Afterwards, it was back to Baltimore, where they made demos which Chessler took to New York, eventually securing the group a recording contract:

On 21 August 1948, It’s a Natural [aka Jubilee] released the Orioles’ first record, Chessler’s “It`s Too Soon to Know," backed by a quickie Chessler ditty called "Barbara Lee." Willie Bryant, a black DJ who with his white partner, Ray Carroll, had the late-night shift on WHOM, broadcasting out of a storefront in Harlem, put on "It’s Too Soon to Know" “The phones started ringing,” Chessler says. “I don’t think they ever took it off." 

[...] With instant cover versions from Ella Fitzgerald, Dinah Washington, the Ravens, a dozen others, some of them hits too, but falling short of the Orioles' Number One, the song drew a line. Nothing would ever be the same again. From this point on, in fits and starts, but with a new standard of value - the sincerity of marginalized, ghettoized voices from blues and country now confronting the entire nation, Hank Williams and Howlin` Wolf demanding that the nation respond in kind - people would seek what the Orioles had found. In their best moments they would refuse to settle for anything less.

But what made that one recording so different from what had gone before? I suppose the simplest answer is that it has an extra added ingredient: a sense of suppressed gospel fervour, a hint of real passion and pain just below its smooth surface. I don't think the respective contributions of songwriter and performers can be separated: as recalled in an earlier post, when Deborah Chessler first handed a copy of the sheet music to Sonny Til,

he sang it like he had been singing it all his life.

The song was a perfect fit, which brought out all his ability. Looking online for images just now, I came across a description in the Locust St blog which seems to sum it up:

Other vocal groups of the '40s, like the Ink Spots or the Mills Brothers, sound composed, so arranged compared with the Orioles. On "Too Soon," Sonny Til's lead tenor seems filled with fear and doom, forcing out each word - the others, Alexander Sharp, Johnny Reed and George Nelson, hum and moan behind him. Nelson briefly takes the lead, and then the song is Til's to haunt again.

Here's Robbie Whelan's account of the recording's impact from the Baltimore-based Urbanite website, including a contribution from Marv Goldberg:

"It's Too Soon to Know" had an impact like a slap in the face. Never before had a pop group sung a love song so directly and honestly. Sonny Til's main influences, Nat King Cole, The Ink Spots, and The Mills Brothers, performed polished, dreamily orchestrated jazz ballads in which sentiments of pain, love, or loss were rather sanitized. Til, on the other hand, sang the part of the doubting, suspicious lover—"Is she foolin'? / Is it all a game? / Am I the fire or just another flame?"—with a passion that matched his words. But at the same time, his delivery was conversational, informal, with nothing of the neat polish of his predecessors, and no one had ever heard that before. The earthy street-corner sound of the city—what was still classified in Truman's postwar America as "race" music, with its challenge to uptown politeness—was coming to the mainstream and The Orioles were cutting-edge.

One has to put one's self in the shoes of a pop fan at the dawn of the 1950s to understand aurally why Sonny Til and The Orioles were so important.

"The biggest vocal group was The Ink Spots, and The Mills Brothers were popular too, but they had more of a white audience," says Marv Goldberg, a writer and historian of early rock and roll who interviewed The Orioles for his "R&B Notebook" article series published in 1999. "Sonny Til and The Orioles were different. Til was very handsome. By all accounts, when he got on stage he made love to the microphone, and the girls would just go wild."

"It's Too Soon to Know" hit No. 13 on the pop charts and was a "race record" that earned a significant white audience. [...] "I think it was time for the less-polished sound," Goldberg continues. "Everyone was singing in the same mold. The Orioles weren't singing black pop music; they were doing something new."

According to Goldberg, a lot of the singers in early black pop groups had studied music in college, and it came through in their sound. Sonny Til and The Orioles sang more laid-back R&B. Listening to their old records now, it's hard to imagine their sound ever seeming "new" - it's all doo-wop syllables and familiar pop harmonies undulating under Til's strident, tenor solo voice, like dozens of familiar oldies groups from The Skyliners to The Temptations - but when you listen to it alongside a group like The Ink Spots, the difference is stark. Sonny Til had unvarnished soul.

Shirley Reingold, known professionally as Deborah Chessler, died on the 10th of October 2012. Greil Marcus's 1993 piece concludes:

Deborah Chessler is a woman who slipped in and out of history - making some, leaving the world slightly changed, then disappearing into it. All she and the Orioles left behind was the expressive power of a new, as-yet-unnamed, music -a power they were perhaps the first to define, and that in their own way they defined to the Full.

"It was what we did," Chessler says bluntly. Ask her if she was a pioneer, and she'll tell you no. Ask her if she thinks of herself as someone who crossed racial boundaries, who challenged gender roles, who broke rules, and she’ll hoot at you. But she will tell you about a day in 1948, in New York City, when she found herself walking down Broadway, hearing "It’s Too Soon to Know" booming out of every music store, hearing people all around her singing it on the street, and admit that for a moment she felt part of a world she helped make. “Yes," she says. "Sure I did."

Links:

Pam and Charlie Horner's tribute on their Classic Urban Harmony website here. It's a site well worth exploring in any case: home page here.

Obituary by David Hinckley in the New York Daily News here - thanks to Matt the Cat for alerting me to this. 

Baltimore Sun obituary here. 

Terry Whelan's Urbanite article on the Orioles here.

Other photographs of Baltimore in Kilduff's Baltimore Views Page here.

The Ravens' cover of It's Too Soon to Know is embedded at the bottom of the post about Street Corner Soul here.

 If you can access Spotify, listen to the first recording of Tell Me So, by Savannah Churchill, here. It doesn't seem to be on youtube.

Marv Goldberg's The Orioles Part 1: The Early Jubilee Years here. The top image and the photo of the Vibranaires were taken from this site.

History of Baltimore's Royal Theatre and an account of a 2008 reunion here.